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This document describes results from the OHI 2019 global assessment. This is mostly an internal document to explore and check results. It also creates the figures used on the website and in other documents.

Primary dataset

These data are the OHI scores for the eez regions of 220 countries and territories from 2012 to 2019.

Region 0 is the global average scores, which are calculated using an area-weighted average of the region scores (status, likely future state, and score).

OHI scores

Global summary

This section describes global patterns in index and goal scores. The overall global score was 70.58.

Average global performance of the 10 goals.

Flower plots for each region can be downloaded from here

Country summary

Country index scores for 2019. Maps describing goal and index scores can be downloaded from here.

Distribution of country index scores. The median index score among countries was 67.47.

The regions with index scores of 80 or greater are:

region_name Index
Heard and McDonald Islands 95.41
Howland Island and Baker Island 92.85
Kerguelen Islands 90.49
Crozet Islands 87.87
Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island 86.71
Germany 86.44
Glorioso Islands 85.38
Clipperton Island 85.02
Seychelles 84.32
Greenland 83.73
Bahamas 83.51
Jarvis Island 83.28
Christmas Island 83.19
Pitcairn 83.16
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 83.12
Ile Europa 83.02
Norfolk Island 82.48
Palmyra Atoll 81.82
United Arab Emirates 81.80
New Caledonia 81.22
Cocos Islands 80.92
Italy 80.70
Northern Saint-Martin 80.21
Johnston Atoll 80.19

The regions with index scores of 50 or less are:

region_name Index
Somalia 49.96
Bosnia and Herzegovina 48.83
Guinea Bissau 48.10
Democratic Republic of the Congo 47.86
Guinea 47.60
Syria 47.24
Ivory Coast 46.96
Lebanon 46.63
Sierra Leone 45.94
Nicaragua 44.14

Country scores across scenario year

Carpet plot figure (download as high resolution png) providing an overview of the scores from the 2019 assessment. Each row represents a region, the main groupings represent goals, and within each goal there are 7 years of data. Black regions indicate no data.

Don’t try too hard to interpret the results for specific countries/goals/years!!

This plot is good for providing a quick overview of:

  • What is the range of scores?
  • Which goals tend to have high scores across most regions (species, habitat)
  • Which goals have a lot of variation across regions (tourism & recreation, lasting special places)
  • Which goals are volatile across years (natural products, tourism & recreation)

Data

This interactive table describes the index and goal scores for the regions in 2019 (or, download csv version):




A closer look at goals

This section takes a closer look at the goal/subgoal scores.

Scores

Goal/subgoal scores for the 2019 scenario.

Artisanal opportunities

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name score
United Arab Emirates 100.00
Qatar 100.00
Norway 100.00
Kuwait 100.00
United States 100.00
Singapore 100.00
Ireland 100.00
Brunei 100.00
Cayman Islands 100.00
Netherlands 98.44

Bottom 10 performers

region_name score
191 Sao Tome and Principe 46.28
192 Cameroon 45.84
193 Solomon Islands 45.38
194 Comoro Islands 45.04
195 Guinea 44.82
196 Benin 44.65
197 Madagascar 44.11
198 Mozambique 44.05
199 Liberia 43.34
200 Togo 43.29

Species condition

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name score
Northern Saint-Martin 94.78
Saba 94.18
Sint Eustatius 93.63
Sint Maarten 92.61
Montserrat 92.44
Australia 92.40
Romania 91.49
Heard and McDonald Islands 91.47
Belize 91.44
Taiwan 91.30

Bottom 10 performers

region_name score
211 Italy 72.16
212 Bosnia and Herzegovina 72.12
213 Israel 71.83
214 Malta 70.36
215 Cyprus 69.62
216 Syria 68.39
217 Lebanon 67.87
218 Algeria 65.18
219 Libya 64.48
220 Monaco 63.69

Habitat

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name score
Heard and McDonald Islands 100
Howland Island and Baker Island 100
Kerguelen Islands 100
Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island 100
Clipperton Island 100
Pitcairn 100
Norfolk Island 100
British Indian Ocean Territory 100
Macquarie Island 100
Prince Edward Islands 100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name score
209 Democratic Republic of the Congo 64.48
210 Ivory Coast 63.16
211 Senegal 62.65
212 Dominica 61.95
213 Belize 61.85
214 Iceland 58.65
215 Sierra Leone 56.31
216 Nigeria 55.02
217 Bosnia and Herzegovina 49.41
218 Jan Mayen 37.72

Coastal protection

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name score
Howland Island and Baker Island 100
Germany 100
Pitcairn 100
British Indian Ocean Territory 100
Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) 100
Wallis and Futuna 100
Netherlands 100
Denmark 100
Estonia 100
Saba 100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name score
158 Liberia 34.70
159 Ivory Coast 32.80
160 Sierra Leone 31.77
161 Guinea 31.33
162 Senegal 30.56
163 Guinea Bissau 30.25
164 Nicaragua 30.03
165 Democratic Republic of the Congo 29.78
166 Dominica 26.44
167 Belize 23.71

Carbon storage

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name score
Germany 100
Seychelles 100
Northern Saint-Martin 100
Netherlands 100
Denmark 100
Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands of the United States 100
Estonia 100
Russia 100
Saba 100
Belgium 100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name score
139 Liberia 34.64
140 Senegal 33.73
141 Guinea 32.90
142 Sierra Leone 32.81
143 Ivory Coast 32.71
144 Guinea Bissau 30.50
145 Democratic Republic of the Congo 29.78
146 Barbados 27.01
147 Dominica 26.65
148 Nicaragua 9.73

Clean waters

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name score
Heard and McDonald Islands 99.71
Falkland Islands 98.96
Bouvet Island 98.91
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 98.89
Kerguelen Islands 98.78
Jarvis Island 98.38
Macquarie Island 98.13
Howland Island and Baker Island 97.90
Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) 96.82
Crozet Islands 96.77

Bottom 10 performers

region_name score
211 Belgium 31.90
212 Israel 30.22
213 India 29.52
214 Slovenia 28.35
215 Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) 28.15
216 Nauru 24.15
217 Benin 23.81
218 Togo 21.36
219 Gibraltar 19.60
220 Monaco 19.56

Fisheries

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name score
Clipperton Island 96.70
Howland Island and Baker Island 94.65
Wake Island 91.85
Heard and McDonald Islands 91.20
Kerguelen Islands 90.60
British Indian Ocean Territory 89.08
Crozet Islands 88.75
Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island 88.02
New Caledonia 87.22
Peru 85.06

Bottom 10 performers

region_name score
211 Guadeloupe and Martinique 16.33
212 Samoa 15.19
213 Bangladesh 14.43
214 Cayman Islands 14.32
215 Somalia 11.82
216 Cambodia 11.58
217 Myanmar 11.48
218 Haiti 10.06
219 Vietnam 9.71
220 North Korea 7.94

Mariculture

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name score
Netherlands 100
Norway 100
South Korea 100
Taiwan 100
Slovenia 100
Spain 100
Singapore 100
Finland 100
Bulgaria 100
China 100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name score
185 Haiti 0
186 Pakistan 0
187 Eritrea 0
188 Somalia 0
189 Guinea Bissau 0
190 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0
191 Guinea 0
192 Syria 0
193 Ivory Coast 0
194 Sierra Leone 0

Iconic species

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name score
Finland 96.15
Latvia 95.83
Lithuania 95.83
Poland 95.83
Estonia 95.45
Germany 93.24
Denmark 92.89
Sweden 92.22
Heard and McDonald Islands 90.00
Bouvet Island 90.00

Bottom 10 performers

region_name score
211 Vanuatu 54.09
212 Yemen 53.96
213 Sudan 53.84
214 Eritrea 53.62
215 Bosnia and Herzegovina 53.48
216 Myanmar 52.29
217 Thailand 51.05
218 Malta 50.86
219 Cambodia 45.74
220 Monaco 41.48

Lasting special places

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name score
Heard and McDonald Islands 100
Howland Island and Baker Island 100
Kerguelen Islands 100
Crozet Islands 100
Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island 100
Germany 100
Glorioso Islands 100
Jarvis Island 100
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 100
Ile Europa 100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name score
211 Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) 0
212 Nauru 0
213 Togo 0
214 Saint Helena 0
215 Iraq 0
216 Sudan 0
217 Benin 0
218 Libya 0
219 Eritrea 0
220 Syria 0

Natural products

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name score
Nigeria 99.99
Bahamas 99.95
Maldives 99.92
Iran 99.66
Trinidad and Tobago 98.47
French Polynesia 97.84
New Caledonia 95.67
Bangladesh 94.60
Italy 93.10
Indonesia 92.23

Bottom 10 performers

region_name score
116 Estonia 0.73
117 Jamaica 0.41
118 Saudi Arabia 0.04
119 Saba 0.00
120 Bonaire 0.00
121 Sint Maarten 0.00
122 Sint Eustatius 0.00
123 Cayman Islands 0.00
124 Cambodia 0.00
125 Eritrea 0.00

Tourism and recreation

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name score
Seychelles 100
Bahamas 100
Northern Saint-Martin 100
Aruba 100
Turks and Caicos Islands 100
Malta 100
New Zealand 100
Saba 100
Curacao 100
Bonaire 100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name score
191 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.33
192 Iran 0.00
193 Venezuela 0.00
194 Yemen 0.00
195 North Korea 0.00
196 Iraq 0.00
197 Sudan 0.00
198 Libya 0.00
199 Somalia 0.00
200 Syria 0.00

Other analyses

Comparing trend and average index scores

To obtain a more complete picture of which regions are doing well and which are doing poorly we compared the average index scores (averaged over 2012 to 2018) and the trends for each region.

Of most concern are regions that have poor scores and declining trends: Eritrea, Somalia, Ivory Coast, Nicaragua, and Lebanon.

The following is an interactive plot (region names are visible when hovering over the points) showing the relationship between average index scores and trend. The horizontal line represents the 0 trend and the vertical line is the average of the average index scores.

Comparing assessment years

The following is a comparison of the global status scores generated for the 2018 scenario by this year’s assessment vs. last year’s assessment.

If the models and source data remain the same, these scores should be exactly the same. Differences indicate changes in methods or source data.

These changes do not reflect changes in actual system health!

We made a few changes to some goals, such as the addition of edible seaweed species to Mariculture and removal of edible seaweed species from Natural Products. Furthermore we changed the data source used for Fisheries from SAUP to Watson. We also had fairly large changes to how we process species data.

long_goal future pressures resilience score status trend
Artisanal opportunities -0.0760500 -1.6451818 0.6310455 -0.3597000 -0.6432500 0.0000500
Biodiversity 0.9051364 NaN NaN 0.7090455 0.5130000 0.0015455
Carbon storage 0.1505405 -0.6517568 0.0995946 0.0758108 0.0000000 0.0000000
Clean water -0.1481364 0.3664091 -0.0470909 -0.0314091 0.0857273 -0.0025000
Coastal protection 0.0680838 -0.2946471 0.0429412 0.0335329 0.0000000 0.0000000
Economies 0.1039706 -0.8439810 -0.0591818 0.0522549 0.0000000 0.0000000
Fisheries (subgoal) 3.1283182 -2.0222727 0.2344545 2.2116818 1.2950000 0.0507273
Food provision 2.6296804 NaN NaN 1.8265753 1.0233790 0.0554338
Habitat (subgoal) 0.1739450 -0.8131193 0.1833028 0.0865138 0.0000000 0.0000000
Iconic species (subgoal) 2.9709091 -0.9850909 0.2210455 2.1524091 1.3347273 0.0314884
Index 1.4660909 NA NA 1.2264545 NA NA
Lasting special places (subgoal) 1.0054545 -0.4496818 -0.0472727 0.7975455 0.5895455 0.0142273
Livelihoods 0.0892157 -0.5429384 -0.0470455 0.0445588 0.0000000 0.0000000
Livelihoods & economies 0.0964216 NaN NaN 0.0486275 0.0000000 0.0000000
Mariculture (subgoal) -1.6770619 0.0478182 -0.0473636 -1.5128351 -1.3491237 0.0723196
Natural products 6.8829600 -0.6238462 0.2803077 6.2461600 5.6096800 0.0919355
Sense of place 1.9879545 NaN NaN 1.4750000 0.9622273 0.0219091
Species condition (subgoal) 1.6093636 -1.4360455 -0.0157727 1.3055909 1.0010909 0.0031364
Tourism & recreation -0.7936000 0.2389545 -0.0470909 -0.8579500 -0.9220500 0.0142500

Country data

The following interactive plot provides an overview of how the 2018 scenario scores changed between the 2018 and 2019 assessments for all goals and dimensions.

Additional exploration

Suggestions?